How reactive power is compensated?

It can be capacitive (leading) or inductive (lagging) reactive power, although in most cases compensation is capacitive. The most common form of leading reactive power compensation is by connecting shunt capacitors to the line.

What happens at the Sub Station?

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Why is it necessary to compensate reactive power?

One of these is the necessity of reactive power that needs to be supplied along with active power. It is economical to supply this reactive power closer to the load in the distribution system. Reactive power compensation in power systems can be either shunt or series.

What is compensation in power system?

Definition: Series compensation is the method of improving the system voltage by connecting a capacitor in series with the transmission line. In other words, in series compensation, reactive power is inserted in series with the transmission line for improving the impedance of the system.

What are the problems with series compensation?

Disadvantages 1. Increase in fault current 2. Mal operation of distance relay- if the degree of compensation and location is not proper. 3.

What are the specifications of load compensation?

Load compensation is the management of reactive power to improve power quality i.e. V profile and pf. Here the reactive power flow is controlled by installing shunt compensating devices (capacitors/reactors) at the load end bringing about proper balance between generated and consumed reactive power.

What does an electricity sub station do?

Substations range from small substations, dotted through communities, supplying electricity at mains voltage to hmes – we call them “final distribution substations” – to much bigger “transmission” or “grid” substations, usually outside urban areas.

Which material is used to make busbars?

Busbars are produced in a variety of shapes, such as flat strips, solid bars, or rods, and are typically composed of copper, brass, or aluminium as solid or hollow tubes.

What limits the loading capability?

What Limits the Loading capability? Thermal: Thermal capability of an overhead line is a function of the ambient temperature, wind conditions, condition of the conductor, and ground clearance. It varies perhaps by a factor of 2 to 1 due to the variable environment and the loading history.

What are the objectives of load compensation?

The main objectives in load compensation are: Improved voltage profile • Power factor improvement • Balanced load. It is important to maintain the voltage profile within +-5% of the rated value. The main reason for voltage variation is unbalanced parameters in the generation side and consumption side.

What are the disadvantages of shunt compensation?

The main disadvantage of shunt capacitor banks is that its reactive power output is proportional to the square of the voltage and consequently when the voltage is low and the system need them most, they are the least efficient.

What is the main objective of load compensation?

The main objectives in load compensation are: Improved voltage profile • Power factor improvement • Balanced load. It is important to maintain the voltage profile within +-5% of the rated value.

How to improve the reliability of a substation?

The following steps assist in the implementation of substation reliability and efficiency: – Plan the substation to have enough capacity. Design the substation to reduce the probability of equipment failure. Operate the substation to remain within safe operating margins.

What do you need to know about distribution substations?

Distribution substations should be located as close to the load to be served as possible. In addition, future load requirement should be planned accurate. The level of distribution voltage is also very important consideration. Generally, the higher the distribution voltage, the farther apart substations may be located.

How are substations used in a de-regulation scenario?

In the presently developing privatisation and de-regulation scenario, security standards for main generation and transmission networks are likely to be adhered to. In most cases, however, substations are designed such that some or all of the consumer supplies can at least be restored within a specified time.

How does a step up substation get power?

Step-up Type Substation This type of substation gets the power supply from a near producing facility. It uses a large power transformer for enhancing the voltage level for transmitting to the remote locations. In is substation, the power transmission can be done by using a transmission bus to transmission lines.

What can a switching substation be used for?

A switching substation is a substation which does not contain transformers and operates only at a single voltage level. Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines or for paralellizing circuits in case of failure.

How is power transmitted from a substation to a load center?

So it is essential to transmit the power from the substation to load center locations. So, high and long transmission networks are required for this function. Power is generated fairly in the level of low voltage level; however, it is inexpensive to supply the power at a high-voltage level.

Step-up Type Substation This type of substation gets the power supply from a near producing facility. It uses a large power transformer for enhancing the voltage level for transmitting to the remote locations. In is substation, the power transmission can be done by using a transmission bus to transmission lines.

How big is a transmission and distribution substation?

The large transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control equipment. A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area.